Nepal, the nation celebrated for its profound beauty and culture, is also an epitome of renowned architecture. The architecture of Nepal, enriched with cultural profundity, engineering brilliance, and aesthetic background, is not only a solemn pride of the country itself. But is also a living proof of the ingenuity and resilience of its people.

HISTORY

The history of this exquisite tapestry of art dates back to the Licchavi period (4000–7000 AD), the golden era of the timeline. The newer community primarily settled in Kathmandu has been instrumental in sculpting the architectural panorama of Nepal.

The famous pagoda-style temples, stupas, and residential buildings elaborate the intricately carved wooden windows and doors. Kathmandu is replete with architectural masterpieces like the Pashupati Nath temple (created in the 5th century), the Swayambhunath stupa (established in 460 AD), and the famous Durbar squares.

Scientific and environmental consideration

Nepal’s indigenous architecture is not only aesthetically pleasing but also highly functional, resilient, and sustainable. The traditional artifacts were meticulously designed to withstand the seismic activity of the region. The use of flexible materials like timber allows the structures to absorb and dissipate seismic energy, mitigating the risk of collapse during earthquakes. A very distinct example of this is the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, where many traditional buildings were notably standing in the modern buildings.

Furthermore. The designs incorporate passive cooling and heating techniques. This technique is essential in adjusting the sustainable temperature in Nepal’s diverse climate. A very distinct example of this is the Tashi Rabten Ling Monastery in Mustang, which employs large south-facing windows to achieve maximum solar gain. The Nyatapola temple in Bhaktapur also has a multilayered tiled roof, which provides necessary insulation against both heat and cold.

Influence in modern architecture

The principles and techniques of Nepal’s indigenous architecture have profoundly influenced modern architecture. The recent infrastructure is increasingly designed with seismic resilience in mind, drawing inspiration from traditional buildings. The use of flexible materials and incorporation of structural elements that allow movement have been adopted from the indigenous practices.

The constant focus on passive heating and cooling techniques in the olden days has inspired modern architecture to incorporate energy-efficient buildings. Modern architectural projects have often integrated the traditional aesthetic and design elements. The use of intricately carved wooden elements, brick masonry and tiled, brick masonry and tiled roofing styles, can be seen in the new building. Preserving the cultural essence while meeting modern functional requirements. The traditional design of courtyards and communal species has influenced the planning of modern urban developments. 

In conclusion, the indigenous architecture of Nepal is the confluence of art, culture, and science. It signifies the beauty and the ingenuity of Nepali society, offering invaluable lessons to sustainability and convenience. It is without a doubt that traditional architecture is the backbone of modern infrastructure. It is essential to preserve indigenous architecture’s spiritual depth and scientific concept. Nepal’s indigenous architecture is an intricate part of the recent infrastructure and will always remain the essence of Nepalese culture. 

A report released at the 15th^th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety (2-4 September, 2024) by the World Health Organisation (WHO) South-East Asia Regional Office (SEARO) highlights what it calls the deplorable state of road safety indicators in Nepal. The report, titled ‘WHO South-East Asia Regional status report on road safety (2024)’ shows that Nepal’s progress in comparison to other countries in the region is the most disappointing when measured against the 12 global road safety performance targets. 

According to the report, Nepal has one of the highest road traffic fatality rates in the world with an estimated death rate of more than 28.2 per 100,000 population. While neighbouring countries like India have been reducing the number of road traffic deaths, Nepal has seen a 25 percent increase over the past decade.

Huge socio-economic cost

In its latest report, the World Health Organisation (WHO) says that an estimated 8,500 people are losing their lives in Nepal in road crashes every year. Likewise, a study by the World Bank has estimated that Nepal has been facing an annual loss of nearly 3 percent of the national GDP due to these road crashes.

Road fatalities are increasing in Nepal every year and the majority of them involve motorcycle crashes, officials say. According to Nepal Police, nearly 13,000 people were killed during road crashes in Nepal over the last five years while nearly eighty thousand others were injured. The socio-economic cost of road traffic accidents is quite high but the entire society and the government seem to be accepting the situation as a ‘fait accompli.’

According to the Department of Transport Management, there were around 4 million vehicles registered in Nepal in 2021 of which more than 3.2 million were motorcycles and two wheelers. Only 0.7 percent population of Nepal own cars so motorcycles have become an affordable means of transport – quite popular among aspiring youths. It could also be the result of poor public transportation system in the country. 

Though motorcycles may be a convenient mode of transport, they are also associated with high risk. According to Nepal Police, over 35,000 road crashes were recorded in the country during the last fiscal year out of which over 56 percent involved motorcycles and two-wheelers.

Wearing a helmet

Researches show that many fatal deaths and serious injuries could be avoided if both the driver and pillion rider wore helmets.  According to a publication entitled “Helmets: A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners” published by a group of organisations including the WHO and FIA Foundation  says that head injuries are the main cause of death in most motorcycle crashes. “Quality helmets reduce the risk of death by over six times, and reduce the risk of brain injury by up to 74%, “ the manual said. “Yet despite this, a number of challenges are slowing the uptake and proper use of quality helmets, particularly in developing countries. These challenges include availability and affordability of quality helmets, improperly fastened helmets, a lack of available helmets for children, hot weather and even misinformation.”

The manual calls upon the governments to enforce a universal helmet law, introduce helmet standards and educate people – especially youth – about the benefits of wearing a helmet. The manual also calls upon the authorities to adopt the Safe System approach, which recognises that road transport is a complex system with interconnecting elements that all affect each other. “A Safe System can only be achieved if safety becomes a fully integrated element in how we organise, design and build out our mobility systems. In this context, actions to ensure motorcyclists can and do wear quality helmets must be part of a holistic and whole-of-government approach to road safety and safe mobility,” the manual said.

In the Nepalese context, while majority of drivers of two wheelers obey the rules and wear helmets, majority of pillion riders do not. A study conducted by NASA Foundation – an NGO that has been advocating for road safety in Nepal- found that number of fatalities of pillion riders was three times more compared to that of drivers.

Many people, especially youth, find it inconvenient to carry an extra helmet with them to be used by a pillion rider. Many of them drop their family members or friends on their way to College or work and don’t want to carry an extra helmet with them. Then, there are issues involved with costs also. When Nepal Police tried to enforce the rule that pillion riders must wear a helmet, many social media users claimed that officials were taking this initiative as helmet dealers had bribed them. Officials did not try to engage with the public and the initiative had to be aborted. When few road safety campaigners call for the need to strict enforcement of helmet use – for both drivers and pillion riders – as prescribed in law, they are instantly targeted and abused by many social media users.

The Vietnam story 

Nepal would do well by learning from Vietnam.

In 2007, Vietnam introduced universal helmet law making it mandatory both for the driver and pillion rider to wear helmets. A study, entitled “Heads First: A case study on Vietnam’s  conducted jointly by AIP Foundation and  FIA Foundation revealed that an estimated 500,000 head injuries and 15,000 fatalities were averted due to increased helmet use between 2007-2017. The study also assessed data from Viet Duc hospital in Hanoi and Hai Duong hospital in northern Vietnam. It found that patient cases with severe brain damage reduced from almost 21 percent in 2007 to 13.6 percent in 2016.

“Vietnam provides an important case study in government determination, sustained over the long term, to tackle motorcycle deaths and injuries,” said Saul Billingsley, Executive Director of the FIA Foundation. “This report shows how to assemble the essential ingredients for success: a clear objective allied to a plan of action, supported by multi-sectoral cooperation, international donor and expert support, active engagement of civil society, mobilisation of communities, and, above all – political courage and commitment.”

Petititon to the Prime Minister

In September this year, civil society leaders, former UN officials and road safety campaigners from around the world sent a petition to Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli urging him to take urgent measures to make Nepal’s roads safe for everyone.

 They called upon the government to enact Road Safety Act, set up a powerful Road Safety Council, introduce Star ratings of schools, roads and vehicles based on road safety performance, introduce procedures so as to prioritise vulnerable road users including pedestrians, cyclists, wheel chair users and make it mandatory for the use of quality helmets to all motorbike riders including children, among others.

“Strong road safety measures will not only help in the economic progress of the country, it would also help promote tourism and give a positive image of the country at the world stage at a time when the reputation of its aviation sector is not any better,” the petitioners said.

To begin with, “the (Nepal) government can start by adaptation of well-established helmet-use global best practices, developing helmet safety action plans, and making political leaders more responsible for endorsing, and advocating compulsory helmet use,” say Dr Puspa Raj Panta and Bhagabati Sedain, road safety researchers who also signed on the petition. “Along with these activities, the government needs to allocate a sufficient budget, convince people to mandatorily use helmets, and strictly monitor helmet use in practice,” 

Unless it is done, unfortunate and unnecessary deaths of people like Mr Thapa and Mr Gurung will continue in Nepal for many more years to come.

(The author is a former BBC Nepali journalist and can be reached at bhagirath.yogi@gmail.com )

What inspired you, as an immigrant from Nepal, to pursue a political career in Canada, and why did you choose the Conservative party?

As an immigrant, it has been challenging to establish our identity, especially coming from one of the least developing countries. The South Asian communities are a visible minority in Canada, and representation from ethnic or visible minorities in Parliament is less than 10%, which is very low compared to other professions. Additionally, while the Nepalese community is vibrant and growing, it remains small and often invisible in Canada. I have been striving to establish our Nepali identity among the broader Canadian population, many of whom are unaware of Nepal and its achievements. We frequently find ourselves educating others about our rich culture, language, arts, religion, and sovereignty. As we all know, in Canada, the three main national political parties are the Conservative Party, Liberal Party, and New Democratic Party (NDP). Each party operates on a membership-based system, with distinct voting bases. However, swing voters often play a crucial role in determining the government. Historically, the Conservative Party was viewed as an exclusive “White Club,” but they have since recognized the importance of engaging with ethnic communities. As Canada is a nation built by immigrants, the Conservative Party has opened its platform to include minority and ethnic groups. The Liberal Party operates under the misconception that all immigrants are automatically their supporters, based on their efforts to allow immigrants, especially refugees, to settle in Canada. However, there are concerns that the resettlement program, particularly for those whose security has not been thoroughly vetted, has led to an increase in criminal activity. The NDP, as a socialist party, traditionally relies on unions and sees struggling people or workers as their core voting base. As a result, they tend not to focus on immigrant or smaller communities. Many immigrants, like me, are motivated to pursue political careers to positively impact their new communities, advocate for fellow immigrants, and contribute to the country’s growth.

As someone from Nepal, my journey to Canada has been filled with both challenges and opportunities, inspiring me to give back and ensure a better future for others. Personally, my beliefs and experiences align more closely with the values and policies of the Conservative Party, particularly regarding fiscal responsibility, economic growth, and strong national defense. I believe the Conservative Party’s stance on various social, economic, and political issues best represents the interests of Canadians. In addition, I have been receiving regular mentorship from the Conservative Party, which has encouraged me to join and pursue a political career within the party.

 How do you plan to represent the interests of the Nepali community and other immigrant groups within your constituency if elected?

My first priority is to establish a stronger bilateral relationship between Nepal and Canada, starting with opening a Visa and Trade Office in Kathmandu. Representing the interests of the Nepali community, as well as other immigrant groups, will be a key responsibility. I will focus on community engagement by holding town hall meetings, community forums, and cultural events to actively listen to the concerns and suggestions of these communities. This will help me remain connected and responsive to their needs. I will advocate for policies that address the specific challenges faced by immigrants, such as improving access to quality education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and affordable housing. Additionally, I aim to promote and celebrate the rich cultural heritage of the Nepali community and other immigrant groups by supporting cultural festivals, language preservation programs, and educational initiatives that highlight their contributions. Collaboration will be essential, and I will partner with local immigrant and multicultural organizations to better understand issues and work on solutions. These organizations can offer valuable insights and resources to help me effectively represent the constituents. I also plan to establish mentorship and support programs to help new immigrants integrate into the community. This can include job training, language classes, and networking opportunities to ensure their success. Another key focus will be combating discrimination and promoting diversity and inclusion within the constituency. I will create awareness campaigns and support anti-discrimination legislation to foster a more inclusive community. By implementing these strategies, I believe I can effectively represent the interests of the Nepali community and other immigrant groups, ensuring their voices are heard and their needs are met.

What are the key issues you aim to address at the provincial level, particularly those that affect immigrant communities in Ontario?

If elected, I will partner with the local Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) and the municipal government to bring support from the federal government on key issues, particularly those affecting immigrant communities. This collaboration is essential for fostering an inclusive and supportive environment, with additional backing provided by the Province of Ontario.

 How do you balance maintaining your Nepali heritage while advocating for the integration of diverse communities within the broader Canadian society?

Balancing the preservation of Nepali heritage while advocating for the integration of diverse communities is a meaningful and enriching endeavor. One example would be organizing and participating in cultural events that showcase Nepali traditions, such as music, dance, and cuisine. This not only helps preserve our heritage but also educates others about Nepali culture. Additionally, I believe in supporting initiatives that celebrate the diversity of all communities is essential. This can include multicultural festivals, art exhibitions, and community projects that highlight various cultures, fostering understanding and unity among different groups.

What challenges have you faced as an immigrant in Canadian politics, and how have these experiences shaped your political views?

As an immigrant, navigating Canadian politics has come with unique challenges, but these experiences often shape a more inclusive and empathetic political perspective. Adapting to a new cultural and political environment, along with overcoming language barriers, can be daunting. Underrepresentation, discrimination, and the struggle to build trust and visibility in political spaces are also significant hurdles. However, it is time to ensure that all voices are heard and valued. These challenges often lead to a more community-focused, inclusive, and empathetic approach to politics. There is a critical need for policies that support integration, celebrate diversity, and ensure equal opportunities for everyone.

  If elected, what long-term vision do you have for your constituency, and how do you plan to contribute to the broader goals of the Conservative party in Ontario?

 If elected from Windsor West, a border city to Detroit, Michigan, USA, I have a clear long-term vision for our constituency that is essential for driving meaningful change and progress. Border security and criminal activity are high-priority concerns, so hiring more CBSA staff and addressing the challenges faced by cross-border logistics, especially for long-haul trucks, is crucial. Windsor has been facing these issues for a long time, and I plan to establish hi-tech screening equipment at the border to help streamline traffic at the bridges. My focus is to thrive the local economy by supporting small businesses, attracting new investments, and promoting job training programs to equip residents with the skills needed for the modern workforce. Ensuring that all residents have ample job opportunities will be a key priority. I will also advocate for high-quality education for every child, ensuring access to resources that prepare them for future success. This includes pushing for funding to improve local schools, supporting teacher development, and implementing programs that address the diverse needs of students, including those from immigrant backgrounds. Another major priority is providing accessible and high-quality healthcare services for all constituents. Affordable housing will also be a key focus, ensuring that all residents have access to safe and affordable homes. Creating a safe and welcoming environment for all residents will be my another core objective. By concentrating on these key areas, I aim to create a lasting, positive impact on Windsor West while contributing to the broader goals of the Conservative Party.

Could you tell us your motivation in establishing Namaste Radio in Toronto and how you have been able to sustain the radio till now?

After moving to Canada in 2005 from the USA, I found that many Canadians were either misguided or unaware of Nepal. Some thought it was a part of India, while others had no knowledge of it at all—until we began educating them. This motivated me to establish a media platform that would both educate and entertain the community. On August 6th, 2005, Namaste Radio (Voice of the Nepali Speaking Communities) went on air. The establishment of Namaste Radio in Toronto was driven by the desire to build a platform that connects the Nepali community, preserves our cultural heritage, and provides a voice for immigrants.

As the President of NRNA NCC Canada from 2013 to 2015, you played a leading role in mobilising support from Canada to help and support earthquake survivors in Nepal. Could you recall your experience?

Reflecting on my experience as the President of NRNA NCC Canada during the 2013-2015 period, especially in the aftermath of the deadly and disastrous earthquake in Nepal, has brought back many powerful memories. As a newly established, yet often invisible, community in Canada and a leader of the national organization of the Nepalese Diaspora, I believe that while individual achievements are personal gains, a strong community presence is crucial for visibility in this diverse country. I have always encouraged everyone to join me in my vision of strengthening the community through a cooperative approach. I worked diligently to connect Nepalese across Canada and local organizations under the umbrella of NRNA Canada. To achieve this, I traveled from the East Coast to the West Coast to meet with the local community, listen to their voices, and address their concerns. I also believe that when a country and its people face dire situations, it is our responsibility as expatriates to serve their needs. During the devastating situation in Nepal, I had the opportunity to make a significant impact by educating Canadians and the Canadian government about Nepal. With the help of my team, I was able to address urgent needs, including lobbying with the Canadian government to expedite immigration cases and visas for our loved ones. I also advocated for bringing farmers from the earthquake’s epicenter to Canada to work and support their resettlement. During this difficult period, NRNA Canada coordinated relief efforts and mobilized resources quickly. We organized meetings, communicated with community leaders, and established a framework for collecting and distributing aid. We formed partnerships with Canadian NGOs, government agencies, and international organizations to maximize the impact of our relief efforts. The Nepali community in Canada actively participated in these efforts by organizing community meetings, fundraising drives, and awareness campaigns to engage as many people as possible. Our focus was not only on ensuring that collected resources were used effectively but also on coordinating with NRNA teams on the ground in Nepal to guarantee the fair and efficient distribution of aid. We maintained constant communication with local teams in Nepal, providing support and guidance to ensure that aid reached the earthquake survivors effectively. Through my leadership, I have been able to leave a lasting impact, inspiring others in the community to take on leadership roles and continue supporting Nepal in various capacities.

What has been your motto or belief ? How supportive are you family in your socio-political journey?

My motto or believe is that; first you have to be a strong, either physical, mental or financial then you can make the community strong and later nations too.  I followed my thought and get sufficient strong in businesses then I moved to serve the community as a Social worker or activist to promote and preserve the Nepali culture, arts, language and heritage. I was involved in several non-profit organizations including NRNA Canada as the National President from 2013 to 2015.

After completing my tenure as President of NRNA Canada, I continued to engage in community building and became more vocal on issues impacting our lives. I have raised several concerns with the Canadian government, including the tragic killing of Nepali security guards in Kabul by the Taliban, the need for a Canadian Visa and Trade office in Kathmandu, enhancing bilateral business and diplomatic relations between Nepal and Canada, and honoring Canadians who have positively impacted Nepalese lives, such as mountaineers, vloggers, journalists, politicians, and businesspeople. I have also worked closely with the Nepalese embassy to establish a Parliamentarians group and explore the sister city concept to adapt Canadian policies for the benefit of Nepal. Most importantly, I hold family values in high regard. I have a beautiful wife, Jyotsana, and two daughters who are currently in university. All of them are very supportive of my social and political endeavors. I cherish spending quality time with them.

For me, Shambhala is not merely the ‘Himalayan story of polyandry”. It is about the protagonist Pema’s pursuit of acceptance and the process of liberation that leads her to the symbolic Shambhala– a place of peace and happiness. Filmed with an ethnographic approach, Shambhala has gendered sociocultural elements woven into its fabric.

I will discuss this movie from the feminist perspective. This article is my subjective analysis which does not denounce that movies as such are open to multiple interpretations.

In a polyandrous setting, Tashi is the only breadwinner in a house amongst the three brothers Pema is married to. One of them, Karma, is on his way to becoming a monk, so he goes to live with Rimpoche (priest) in a Gumba. The youngest Dawa, an adorable playful groom is still a kid. For obvious reasons, Tashi is the one who consummates marriage with Pema.

Pema does the chores, prepares food, and takes care of Dawa- conventional gender roles. Tashi works in the field and plans to go to Lhasa for work- again, quite normative. But, and I want to stress this, nowhere amidst their household interactions and chores did the movie evoke savior syndrome in me. There is an absence of an oppressive male—oppressed female dichotomy. Bham’s treatment of Pema, in this sense, is that of a woman who is situated in a gendered social context but stands unapologetically firm, and equally compassionate. This way Bham refrains from essentializing Pema into gender stereotypes — the mistake that could have occurred even in confines of a polyandrous setup.

Things aren’t so smooth in an otherwise picturesque ethnographic tale after Tashi leaves for Lhasa for work. Now, Pema is left alone with Dawa’ responsibilities. Dawa’s teacher helps Pema with his studies by home-tutoring him. One night, Ram gets drunk and sleeps outside Pema’s door.

The movie shows there is a definite rapport between Pema and Ram, but no two-way romance. So, when Pema discovers she is pregnant, it’s Tashi’s. Dawa, who found a mother in Pema and revered her, accused her of having an affair with Ram as rumors had already spread. “Don’t treat me like a son, you are my wife and I am your rightful husband”, he says as he feels the need to establish authority. It is interesting to see at this point how hidden gender politics surfaces during the intra-familial conflict. Little Dawa is conditioned to think that a woman’s loyalty should be questioned upon her rendezvous with any strange man.

Pema finds Tashi had heard the rumor on his way home and decided not to return out of anger, shame, and heartbreak. She decides to find Tashi to get his trust back and raise the child together. It’s also her attempt to clear her name through Tashi’s acceptance.

Pema’s decision to embark on an arduous journey is a very important event in the film. When she receives the token of love returned by once doting Tashi, her distressed and confused state marks what constituted love for her at that point. It’s the validated loyalty and Tashi’s acceptance. Right before her marriage, her mother had told her to be a loving, good wife to her grooms. Because it’s her world now- she has to nurture it.

Karma leaves Gumba to accompany Pema- as a guardian husband upon Rimpoche’s insistence. But he is not cut out to be a husband, he is a to-be-monk. So, Pema plays the assertive and protective one when needed. One’s performance of gender roles, in reality too, is contextual Versus the widely constructed and believed dominant narratives about masculinity and femininity.

Speaking of which, it’s intriguing how Bham juxtaposes two masculinities in the movie- the one displayed by Tashi and another by Karma. Tashi displays aggressive ‘hegemonic masculinity’, the term coined by sociologist and gender scholar R.W. Connell. This form of masculinity is dominant and more mobile across cultural groups, hence hegemonic in effect. It is widely internalized as the only form of masculinity- exhibited through aggression, bravery, and protectiveness. Historically produced patriarchal values reinforce this tendency as most men become more aware of their authoritative status and many women are conditioned into believing it.

Karma, on the other hand, displays a thoughtful, secure masculinity. Deeper engagement with his spirituality and Rimpoche’s teachings away from the normative way of life informs his conscience. He says, “It doesn’t matter whose child is in your womb. Creation of life is a far greater process”.

As the movie progresses, it’s evident that Pema’s journey is intrinsic to her self-discovery. First, through Karma, she witnesses the kind of acceptance, that is more accepting and honoring of her being. Here, Bham is careful not to portray Karma as Pema’s savior. It’s the otherwise, as she persuades him to go back to Gumba and follow his calling.

Second, she encounters an incident where a woman is being tested to prove her loyalty towards her husband through a ritual. She fails and is deemed the culprit of cheating on her husband. Ostracised by her community, she kills herself. This particular event depicts the patriarchal gender dynamics of that community. Pema witnessing this adds to the ways her internal sense of love and acceptance was being reshaped. Thus, Bham says without telling how along this journey, Pema is gradually finding herself, liberating from her past beliefs shaped by the gender expectations and masculinities around her.

Pema finds Tashi has already returned home. She too returns and confronts Tashi. But she has to go through the same ritual of proving her loyalty. She does perform the ritual because the barren land is not just a scenic marvel. It’s a confined society, situated far from alternate prospects. There is no clear indication of whether Pema passed the test. But there is a symbolic insinuation at the end that she reached her Shambhala- through liberation from her relentless pursuit of what she thought was love and acceptance. The post-credit scene shows Pema’s child being cared for by Karma, not Tashi. We don’t know if Pema died during childbirth or is alive.

Quite rarely one gets to immerse into the world created through great conviction in telling a woman’s story of self-exploration. Pema is Bham’s muse in Shambhala. After watching it, I couldn’t agree more with the Indian movie critique SucharitaTyagi’s observation– “For Min Bahadur Bham, Pema is goddess-like, a bringer of life, the giver of birth in a barren landscape, but above all a woman.”

Worldwide, in films, writers and directors express themselves through the characters they are obsessed with. The way Pema as a woman and her journey is represented in Bham’s directorial is indicative of his sensibilities as a creator and something Nepali society needs to see more of.

Reasons Behind the Surge

Firstly, the wild honey, a rare and precious delicacy, is the unique nectar produced by the giant honeybee known as Apis laboriosa. This extraordinary honey is found in the remote mountainous regions of the Himalayas. Its distinct flavor and taste, which is characterized by a rich, floral sweetness with hints of exotic spices and a lingering aftertaste, sets it apart from other honey varieties that exist across the world.

Secondly, it is believed to possess potential medicinal properties.  It has natural healing powers to treat various ailments. The contents of the honey enriched with antioxidants is believed to strengthen the immune system; help in digestion, and promote overall well-being. People in the Himalayas have long been using this kind of honey as a potential natural remedy for certain infections and inflammatory conditions since it contains antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Behind the allure of this honey is the death-defying adventurous nature of its harvest, which further contributes to the mystique surrounding it. Local skilled honey hunters scale treacherous cliffs and navigate dense forests in search of wild honeybee hives. Honey hunting is not merely a process but a tradition followed by Gurung and other tribal communities over centuries. Honey hunters require immense skill, courage, and a deep understanding of the bees’ behavior. They often use smoke or other traditional techniques to calm the bees and safely extract the honeycombs, ensuring minimal disturbance to the bees and their delicate ecosystem. Such an adventure is a testament to the courage of honey hunters who risk their lives to extract the honey.

Tourism is a vibrant and thriving industry in Nepal that attracts millions of foreign tourists and explorers each year. Of late, honey expeditions have recently joined the ranks of the list of popular touristic pursuits and attractions for those visiting the country. Through the expedition, they seek a taste of the thrill and a connection to the ancient practice of honey hunting.

Additionally, international media coverage, including a series of documentaries on honey hunting, produced by Vice Media, Insider News, YES Theory, and PowerfulJRE and bloggers, have attracted views ranging from 5 million to 12 millions on YouTube.

Another reason behind the surge in demand for wild honey from Nepal is a handful of companies from Nepal, including Medicinal Mad Honey, that have been in operation for the last two decades. Their products are available on global marketplaces and websites for sale.

Expanding Horizons

Gone are the days when honey hunting was limited, and it used to be a waste when there was no exposure to the international market and lacked commercialization. Of late, honey hunting, which was limited to few places, has expanded to many. Among them, Lamjung, Gorkha, Kaski, Jajarkot, Myagdi and Dhading are the popular sites for honey hunting in Nepal. However, in places like Lamjung, honey hunting is a time-honored tradition deeply ingrained in the local culture. For others, like those in the remote district of Jajarkot, it’s a lifeline, a means to escape the harsh realities of rural poverty.

Challenges

However, this rapid growth poses significant challenges. A 2003 study by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) highlighted the threats to Apis laboriosa, including overexploitation, habitat loss, and unsustainable harvesting practices. The findings of this study are still relevant today since the situation remains largely unchanged over the past two decades. The transfer of bee cliff ownership to government agencies often prioritizes short-term profits over long-term sustainability.

Furthermore, agriculture, hydropower projects, and even afforestation efforts have reduced bee food sources. The influx of tourists disrupts ecosystems, and the younger generation’s migration to urban areas threatens the continuation of honey hunting traditions.

Apis laboriosa is a keystone species vital to the region’s biodiversity. Its decline would have far-reaching consequences. Moreover, honey hunters often receive meager returns while middlemen reap the economic benefits.

A Way Forward

Nepal has a unique opportunity to transform wild honey into a sustainable economic driver. For this, conservation is paramount. Establishing protected areas, promoting sustainable harvesting, and empowering local communities is a must for preserving its natural heritage. Investing in research and bee-friendly agriculture is equally crucial.

By embracing eco-tourism, supporting community-based enterprises, and promoting fair trade, Nepal can become a global leader in sustainable honey production. The future of wild honey depends on balancing economic growth with environmental protection.

The author is a social entrepreneur focused on exporting Himalayan Mad honey and is researching on the impact of climate change on bees. For details, pls visit www.medicinalmadhoney.com, www.everestshilajit.com

I decided to write this review because I believe Nexus is a must-read for anyone interested in the major shifts shaping our future. Harari’s insights into how information networks have developed and how AI is transforming these systems offer important lessons for understanding our current and future world. By summarizing the key points from the book, I hope to help readers grasp the significant impact of these technological changes and provide guidance on how to navigate this new digital age.

Here are 9 key takeaways from Harari’s insightful book Nexus, each offering a glimpse into how the evolution of information networks and the rise of artificial intelligence are shaping our world. These points capture the essence of Harari’s arguments and provide a clearer understanding of the transformative effects of technology on society.

1. Power Lies at the Nexus of Information

In Nexus, Yuval Noah Harari explores how control over information has historically equated to power. From the earliest days of oral storytelling to the invention of written texts and the rise of the internet, those who managed the flow of information held significant authority. Leaders of religions, academics, and media moguls were some of the key figures who shaped and influenced societies through their control of information.

In the present day, artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming this dynamic. Unlike past technologies that merely helped distribute existing knowledge, AI is capable of generating, analyzing, and manipulating information on its own. This means that AI has become a powerful tool that can influence how information is created and shared. Consequently, the individuals and organizations behind AI technologies now wield immense power. Their control over AI systems impacts everything from global economies to political structures and cultural norms. As a result, we are witnessing a new era where the ability to control and direct information networks is more crucial and influential than ever before.

2. AI is an Agent, Not Just a Tool

One of the most compelling insights from the book is Harari’s argument that AI represents a fundamental shift from past technologies like the printing press or telegraph because it can operate independently. Unlike these earlier tools, which were designed to assist humans by replicating and spreading existing information, AI has the unique ability to make its own decisions and generate new ideas. Harari emphasizes that “the invention of AI is potentially more momentous than the invention of the telegraph, the printing press, or even writing,” highlighting how AI can create content, formulate decisions, and tackle problems without direct human intervention. This represents a significant transformation, as AI doesn’t just support human activity but actively participates in shaping our world. Harari also notes that we are currently in the early stages of AI’s evolution, suggesting that its full potential and impact are still unfolding. This shift is not just about enhancing existing systems but fundamentally altering the nature of technological influence, affecting how power is distributed and how decisions are made in society. Unlike previous technologies that merely facilitated the flow of information, AI can innovate and drive change in ways that were previously unimaginable.

3 The “Silicon Curtain” and Geopolitical AI

In Nexus, Yuval Noah Harari introduces a new concept called the “Silicon Curtain,” drawing a parallel to Winston Churchill’s famous “Iron Curtain” speech from the Cold War era. Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” referred to the political and ideological divide between the Western and Eastern blocs. Similarly, Harari’s “Silicon Curtain” highlights the growing divide between China and the West when it comes to developing and managing artificial intelligence (AI).

This divide is creating two separate digital worlds. Just as the Cold War saw distinct political and economic systems, today’s “Silicon Curtain” represents a split in technological influence and control. Harari points out that this divide is not just about technology but has serious geopolitical implications. For instance, China’s Great Firewall blocks access to many Western sites, and this trend could lead to more technological barriers in the future. These barriers could disrupt global communication and create separate digital realities for different regions.

Harari also uses recent events, like Russia’s actions in Ukraine, to illustrate the dangers of diverging narratives and technologies. The conflict over differing historical interpretations shows how powerful and risky these divides can be. In essence, Harari warns that just as political boundaries once defined the Cold War, today’s technological and ideological divides are reshaping global power and interactions.

4 Change: The Only Constant in History

 “History isn’t the study of the past; it is the study of change,” says Harari. In Nexus, Harari takes readers on a journey through the history of how humans have built complex information networks, starting from simple communication methods and evolving into the vast systems we have today. He looks at how these networks, from oral traditions to modern technology, are deeply connected to our societies and politics. To make his points clear, Harari shares compelling stories like that of Cher Ami, a carrier pigeon who became a hero during World War I by delivering vital messages.

However, Harari warns that just having access to information doesn’t necessarily lead to wisdom. Without systems in place to check and correct mistakes, these information networks can spread errors and false beliefs. He illustrates this by comparing two examples: the Catholic Church, which controlled information for centuries but didn’t always self-correct, and modern medicine, which actively learns from its mistakes to improve. Harari also highlights how democracies tend to be better at fixing errors than authoritarian regimes because they encourage open discussion and criticism. His message is clear: information is powerful, but it’s only truly valuable when there are ways to correct and improve it.

5 Our Privacy is in Danger

In his latest book, Yuval Noah Harari warns about the growing danger technology poses to our privacy. In the past, people could only watch each other so much, which gave us some natural privacy. But with today’s advanced technology, especially artificial intelligence (AI), the ability to monitor our every move has increased dramatically. This isn’t just a concern in authoritarian countries—it’s becoming a global issue, even affecting democratic nations where privacy is supposed to be protected. As AI develops further, finding a balance between security and privacy is becoming more difficult.

Governments and corporations are now using cutting-edge surveillance technologies to keep track of our every move. These tools include CCTV cameras, facial recognition systems, and online data tracking. For instance, biometric data such as fingerprints and facial scans are collected when we apply for passports or travel. This data can be used to monitor us in public spaces and even at home, as our online and offline activities leave behind a trail of information. While these technologies can be beneficial for public safety and solving crimes, they also carry significant risks. In places like Iran, for example, facial recognition is used to enforce dress codes, leading to severe privacy invasions and punishments. Harari warns that if these surveillance technologies continue to advance without adequate regulations, we may face a future where privacy is completely eroded and surveillance becomes a tool for increased control and oppression.

6. Balancing Democracy and Technology

In Chapter 9, Yuval Noah Harari explores how new technologies, like computer networks and artificial intelligence, interact with democratic principles. He highlights that while these technologies can greatly improve areas like healthcare and education, they also come with risks if not managed carefully. Harari warns that they could invade our privacy, centralize power, and enable surveillance systems that threaten democratic values. He uses historical examples, such as the misuse of industrial technologies during colonialism and totalitarian regimes, to show how new advancements can lead to serious problems if their dangers are not properly managed.

Harari suggests several key principles to protect democracy in the digital age. First, he stresses the need for privacy and fairness, proposing that personal data should be used to benefit people rather than manipulate them. Second, he advocates for decentralization to prevent the concentration of power in one place, whether by the government or big corporations, which could lead to authoritarian control. Third, Harari emphasizes the need for mutual transparency, where both institutions and individuals can see and understand each other’s actions to ensure accountability. Finally, he warns against excessive rigidity or over-dependence on surveillance technology, promoting flexibility and protection of individual freedoms. As he puts it, “New technology doesn’t have to be a morality tale in which every golden apple contains the seeds of doom,” and “Democracy requires balance… algorithms can just as easily become powerful tools for bottom-up transparency and accountability.” Following these principles can help societies manage the challenges of the digital age while maintaining democratic values and personal rights.

7 The Shift in Conservative Politics

In recent years, conservative parties in many democracies have been overtaken by radical leaders, such as Donald Trump, who have shifted their focus away from preserving traditional institutions and values. Instead of maintaining respect for established elites like scientists and civil servants, these new conservative factions often reject and attack them. They challenge core democratic practices, including elections, and show a willingness to disrupt or dismantle existing systems. For instance, while traditional conservatism aimed to preserve existing structures, the current trend among some conservatives is to upend these systems entirely, as seen in the storming of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. This radical approach is driven by a belief that existing institutions are failing and need to be rebuilt from scratch, which contrasts sharply with a more measured conservative stance.

Historian Yuval Noah Harari sees this shift as part of a larger, troubling pattern. He points out that when faced with economic or social crises, some conservative forces have historically embraced radical solutions. In the 1920s and 1930s, this led to support for fascist regimes in Italy, Germany, and Spain, where leaders like Hitler and Mussolini capitalized on fears of leftist revolutions to gain power. Harari notes that while radical responses may seem necessary to some, they often lead to further instability. He argues that democracies can adapt and evolve without resorting to extreme measures. For example, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal during the Great Depression transformed U.S. institutions without dismantling them, showing that flexibility and adaptation, rather than radical change, are crucial for democratic stability. Harari’s insights remind us that preserving democratic values and structures, even in times of crisis, is key to navigating modern challenges effectively.

8 The Rise of Algorithmic Totalitarianism:

Harari warns of a serious threat: AI and advanced algorithms could dramatically change how power is used in the future. In the past, totalitarian regimes had trouble with managing and controlling information, which often led to mistakes. But AI can handle and analyze huge amounts of data much faster and more accurately than people. This could help authoritarian leaders centralize control and enhance their surveillance, making their power over people much stronger. This new capability could weaken democratic systems, which rely on spreading power and information to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful.

Harari also looks at blockchain technology, which was once thought to be a way to support democracy by spreading control. However, if a government controls most blockchain accounts, it could manipulate or erase records, just like past totalitarian regimes did. This highlights that while new technologies can support democratic values, they also come with risks. Without careful management, these tools could end up boosting authoritarian power and weakening democratic principles. Harari warns that without proper oversight, these powerful technologies could shift the balance of power in ways that harm democracy.

9 The New Age of Digital Empires and Global Cooperation

In the evolving global power landscape, the rivalry between major players like China and the United States is expanding to include various countries and blocs, such as the EU, India, Brazil, and Russia. These nations are shaping their own digital spheres, influenced by their unique political, cultural, and religious contexts. This shift could result in a world divided into multiple digital empires rather than just two dominant superpowers. While this diversification might reduce direct conflicts between just two giants, it could also intensify competition among several powers, increasing the risk of conflicts, including cyber warfare. Unlike the Cold War’s nuclear standoff, where mutually assured destruction acted as a deterrent, the digital age introduces new challenges. Cyber weapons are versatile and covert, making it difficult to detect and attribute attacks. This increases the risk of escalating conflicts as countries engage in ongoing, low-profile cyber skirmishes. The unpredictability of cyber warfare undermines the stability provided by the Cold War’s clear deterrents, leading to a dangerous environment where nations might perceive opportunities for preemptive strikes.

The book deeply concerns itself with these emerging global dynamics and the implications for future governance. Harari highlights that global cooperation remains both crucial and feasible. Cooperation isn’t about erasing cultural or national differences but about finding common ground to tackle shared challenges. Historical examples, like the World Cup, demonstrate that nations can compete while also cooperating under agreed-upon rules. Today’s global challenges, such as pandemics or the regulation of disruptive technologies, require balancing national interests with collective well-being. Harari emphasizes that effective global cooperation involves prioritizing long-term global interests over short-term national gains. This approach ensures that technological advancements benefit all humanity rather than deepening global divides.

Closing Thoughts: Reflecting on Nexus

In Nexus, Yuval Noah Harari offers a profound look at how information networks have shaped human history and how AI is poised to reshape the future. By connecting the past to the present, Harari illustrates how power has always flowed through those who control the ways we communicate and share knowledge. His exploration of the rise of AI reveals the immense possibilities and risks that lie ahead, making it clear that we are standing at a pivotal moment in history.

Harari doesn’t just offer insights into technology; he urges us to think critically about the future we want to create. The book serves as a powerful reminder that while AI can drive progress, it can also deepen societal divides if left unchecked. Ultimately, Nexus is not just about the evolution of technology but about the choices we make as individuals, communities, and nations in shaping our future. For anyone interested in understanding the profound changes transforming our world, Nexus is essential reading.

Managing Director of Orbit International Education, Bhattarai is also the President of the Educational Consultancy Association of Nepal (ECAN).  He hosts The Morning Show on Image TV.

Several developments made this evident. One, the shrinking of the pipeline of new coal and the shutting down of hundreds of coal projects across the globe. Two, the commitment of 44 governments to end the construction of new coal plants and cancellation by a further 33 countries of new coal projects. Three, the shifts in the policies of several public financial institutions and private banks to either wind down or immediately end coal financing. And four, the emergence of cheaper renewables that downgraded new investments in coal as a costly mistake.

Since 2015, more than half of countries with coal power have reduced or kept their operating capacity flat. In addition, announced, pre-permit, permitted, and construction coal capacity was reduced by 68 percent globally. From 2015 to 2021, changes in the global pipeline of proposed coal power plants showed a 76% collapse in coal construction.

There was broad consensus that coal power generation must be rapidly phased out to reduce emissions significantly and, consequently, the risks and impacts of climate change.

Anti-coal campaigns hounded corporations on the terrible economics of coal-based energy. They successfully pressured hundreds of firms to stop financing or pull back investments in coal or issue policies to limit exposure to coal. They also made coal uninsurable.

A litany of research and analysis of the implications of coal combustion on climate targets echoed the pressure. According to a 2021 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement, coal phase-out must take place in advanced economies by 2030 and in the rest of the world by 2040. An assessment model exploring the implications of the 2C temperature limit has found that, globally, over 80% of current coal reserves should remain unused from 2010 to 2050 to meet the 2C target.

Today, coal is rising again – driven by demand growth and operating capacity increases in developing and emerging economies. Global coal use and capacity rebounded in 2022 and grew to an all-time high in 2023. Total global capacity in pre-construction also increased by 6% in 2023.

The demise of coal, as it turns out, is a lot of gas, literally and figuratively.

The failure of governments to rapidly shift to renewable energy is key to coal’s staying power. The energy crisis caused by the war in Ukraine triggered a buying frenzy for coal and gas, driving prices to record levels. Asian countries increased coal production to secure energy supply. Some European countries brought mothballed coal-burning power plants back online or removed caps on production at coal-fired plants.

No wonder fossil fuels still dominated global energy demand in 2022, with coal holding 35 percent of the share in the power sector. This, despite a massive renewables growth of 266 gigawatts, the highest growth ever, bolstered by solar and wind.

Asia is the hotbed of both coal resurgence and fossil gas expansion. China, India and Indonesia already account for more than 70% of the world’s coal production. India and China, both of which have adopted aggressive renewables targets, are substantially using more coal and poised to increase their coal use in the coming years significantly.

The world’s top commercial banks are mainly responsible for the global flow of funds for new coal in Asia. These banks are headquartered in rich countries like the US, Canada and the UK that have not built a new coal plant within their countries for years. At the same time, major Asian banks are now playing a growing role in coal expansion in the region. Having weak or non-existent exclusions on coal, these banks are creating new coal financing “havens” in the region.

The same is true for the flow of finance for the gas buildout. The major players are the world’s top commercial banks, major Asian banks and public financial institutions. Japan’s megabanks and state-bank Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) lead the world’s biggest financiers of Southeast Asia’s gas expansion.

Over 60% of global gas-fired capacity in development is based in Asia. Governments are pursuing the gas buildout to ostensibly meet growing energy demand while turning away from coal. Current gas expansion plans in Southeast Asia could lead to a doubling of gas-fired power capacity and an 80% increase in LNG import capacity. This would lock the region into an economically volatile fuel that is dangerous for people and the climate.

Alongside the planned expansion of gas power, coal’s resurgence will be massively detrimental to climate goals. It also draws investment away from the transition to renewable energy. Coal and gas will not deliver affordable, reliable, sustainable and clean energy in Asia, where millions suffer from energy poverty. Renewables have become the cheapest and fastest-growing source of electricity worldwide, with annual capacity additions more than doubling from 2015 to 2022. We must replace coal with renewables, not with dirty, inefficient, volatile energy sources like gas.

The author is coordinator of Asian Peoples’ Movement on Debt and Development (APMDD)

However, as societal values evolve and Generation Z becomes a more influential demographic, Oli’s established political brand risks appearing out of touch. The challenge for his PR team is to bridge the gap between his traditional political image and the expectations of today’s youth. This task requires more than just a visual update; it involves a genuine alignment with the values and aspirations of the new generation. As Oli navigates this transition, his team must innovate while remaining true to the core attributes that have defined his political identity. Traditional PR strategies may need to evolve to ensure Oli stays relevant and impactful in modern politics.

Oli’s political persona, once a symbol of national pride, has had a significant impact throughout his career. His first tenure as Prime Minister was marked by notable achievements, such as his effective leadership during the 2015 earthquake, which earned him widespread praise for his decisive actions in a time of crisis. Additionally, his firm stance against the South Blockade showcased his ability to navigate complex international relations and bolstered his image as a strong leader committed to Nepal’s sovereignty. These achievements helped him gain considerable support from Nepali citizens and established him as a key figure in national politics.

Before these milestones, Oli’s political trajectory was seen as inspiring due to his principled stands on various political issues and his role in the formative years of his party. His early career and political anecdotes captured the imagination of many, positioning him as a significant player in Nepal’s political landscape.

However, the political landscape has evolved, and the advantages he once enjoyed are not as easily attainable in his current role. Shifts in public trust and changing youth aspirations have altered the dynamics of political support. The once-strong connection between Oli’s leadership and the aspirations of the younger generation has weakened, reflecting broader changes in political engagement and priorities.

Yet today, KP Sharma Oli still remains a figure and a strong leader among his peers. However, his conventional PR management and social media strategies appear increasingly disconnected from the evolving priorities of the younger generation. Nepal’s Generation Z, characterized by its digital fluency and emphasis on innovation, inclusivity, and authenticity, demands a different kind of engagement from its political leaders—an area where Oli has struggled to adapt.

This disconnect was starkly highlighted at a recent National Youth Conclave, where Parakram Rana, a social media influencer and Gen Z leader, asked Oli about his views on the LGBTQIA+ community. As Prime Minister, Oli should have positioned himself as a supporter of marginalized communities. However, he admitted his lack of understanding of LGBTQIA+ issues in response to the question. The tone of Oli’s remarks at this event was notably uninspiring. This revelation exposed a significant gap between the government’s understanding and the nation’s progressive stance on LGBTQIA+ rights. Despite Nepal’s constitutional recognition of LGBTQIA+ rights, Oli’s comments were seen as a superficial engagement with these critical issues. This gap in awareness at the highest levels of government raises concerns about potential setbacks in the ongoing struggle for equality.

Look at another instance, The recent surge in young people unfollowing Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli’s Facebook page underscores a significant shift in public sentiment and highlights the growing tension between Kathmandu Mayor Balen Shah and the Prime Minister. Shah, popular among Generation Z, is challenging established political figures like Oli, revealing a disconnect between traditional leadership and youth aspirations.

Shah’s rise to prominence among Generation Z is not an accident. He has precisely crafted a persona that resonates with the younger generation, capitalizing on their dissatisfaction with traditional politics. His frequent public confrontations on social media with established figures, notably Prime Minister Oli, seem less like random outbursts and more like calculated moves designed to draw a clear contrast between himself and the established political elite.

By openly taking on high-profile leaders like Oli, Shah signals a departure from the conventional political norms that have dominated Nepal for decades. His approach reflects a keen understanding of the youth’s frustrations and aspirations—a generation that increasingly views traditional political figures as out of touch.

The conflict between a mayor and a prime minister, rarely seen before, indicates Shah’s strategic move to assert his position. Oli’s team appears unable to grasp this new reality, highlighting the need for a reassessment of strategies to stay relevant in a changing political landscape.

 As the political scene unfolds, Prime Minister Oli and his team face the daunting task of adapting to this new dynamic. The conflict between Shah’s emerging leadership and Oli’s established authority not only reflects a broader generational shift but also serves as a reminder of the need for seasoned leaders to reassess their strategies in the face of evolving public sentiments. The outcome of this strategic struggle will likely shape the future of Nepalese politics, as new leaders like Shah seek to redefine the landscape while established figures like Oli grapple with maintaining their relevance in a rapidly changing world.

KP Sharma Oli’s brand management and image-building efforts are now front and center in his third term as Prime Minister. Understanding the immense power of social media, Oli’s team has been meticulously curating content to enhance his public image. This became particularly evident when they seized upon a viral story that recently captivated the nation.

On August 24, 2024, the episode of Herne Katha titled “Harayeka Barsha Haru” (The Lost Years) brought the tragic story of Prakash Tamang into the limelight. Tamang, who spent 34 years lost in Tsum, Gorkha, became the focus of widespread media attention. While Tamang’s story, with its deep emotional impact, resonated strongly with viewers, Oli’s intense focus on this single narrative on his Facebook page has sparked considerable debate. The Prime Minister’s frequent posts and comments about Tamang’s plight have been seen by some as a strategic attempt to polish his image rather than address broader systemic issues.

The role of a Prime Minister extends beyond engaging in social media trends or amplifying individual stories. It involves tackling widespread issues with meaningful policy responses and driving substantial reforms. By fixating on a single poignant case for image-building purposes, there is a risk of overshadowing other pressing concerns and numerous untold stories of hardship that require attention. This strategy, while possibly effective in short-term image enhancement, raises questions about the priorities and effectiveness of leadership in addressing the full spectrum of the nation’s challenges.

Look at another example that Prime Minister KP Oli’s directive to Kulman Ghising, Executive Director of the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), aimed to resolve power shortages impacting industries by addressing disputes over dedicated feeder and trunk lines. This move was intended to support the business community and stabilize the economic environment. However, the situation became complicated due to the strong public and social media support for Ghising, who had significantly reduced load shedding from 18 hours to nearly zero. Ghising’s achievements had earned him considerable admiration, which was amplified on social media platforms.

Despite Oli’s well-intentioned efforts, his social media war room struggled to manage the narrative effectively. The overwhelming positive sentiment towards Ghising created a disconnect between the Prime Minister’s political objectives and public opinion. This challenge highlights how modern political strategies can be undermined by the powerful influence of social media, where public perception and media narratives can overshadow even the most well-planned administrative actions.

In his third term as Prime Minister, KP Sharma Oli seems to have reinvented himself as a motivational speaker, espousing moral values and personal growth. Yet, this rebranding effort feels increasingly disconnected from the pressing concerns and aspirations of today’s youth. Oli’s focus on preaching values derived from his own experiences overlooks a fundamental shift in Nepal’s political landscape.

Emerging generations, including Generation Z and Generation Alpha, are not inspired by conventional political rhetoric. They are more influenced by global innovators like Elon Musk, whose disruptive and transformative approach has captivated the world. Unlike these trailblazers, Oli’s approach—characterized by repetitive social media posts and image-building exercises—misses the mark with young Nepalese who crave genuine change and innovation.

Oli’s attempts to align himself with contemporary values fall flat when faced with a generation that is redefining leadership and engagement. His focus on image management rather than addressing systemic issues reveals a critical disconnect. To remain relevant, Oli must move beyond superficial gestures and engage meaningfully with the transformative ideas and aspirations of Nepal’s younger generations. The challenge is not merely to adapt to changing trends but to genuinely connect with the evolving expectations of a dynamic and forward-thinking youth.

Furthermore, the digital engagement strategies employed by Oli’s administration often appear to be more about maintaining control over the narrative rather than fostering open dialogue. This is evident in the way his team handles social media, where the emphasis is on projecting strength and stability rather than engaging in meaningful conversations with the public, particularly the youth. This approach can lead to a perception of disconnect, where the leader is seen as distant and unrelatable, especially by those who value transparency and authenticity.

For KP Sharma Oli, the path forward requires more than just maintaining his established brand; it necessitates a genuine effort to understand and align with the aspirations of Generation Z. This could mean adopting more progressive policies, embracing innovation, and being willing to engage in open, transparent dialogue with the youth. Only by bridging this generational divide can Oli ensure that his leadership remains relevant and effective in the years to come.

In conclusion, while KP Sharma Oli remains a powerful political figure with a well-established brand, his struggle to connect with Generation Z highlights a critical weakness in his current approach. As Nepal continues to evolve, so too must its leaders if they are to remain influential and effective. The challenge for Oli will be whether he can adapt his leadership style to meet the needs of a new generation that values authenticity, innovation, and progressive change.

Seshraj Bhattarai is the President of the Educational Consultancy Association of Nepal (ECAN), Managing Director of Orbit International Education, and hosts The Morning Show on Image TV, where he delves into contemporary issues such as politics, diplomacy, business, and the economy. Bhattarai holds a Master’s degree in Mass Communication and Journalism (MAMCJ).

In the period of the Cold War, the Sino–Soviet split, Nixon’s visit to China, and the fall of the Berlin Wall demonstrated how previous predictions about the global order were changed by these events. New realities of the time redirected the trajectory of the future, leading to unforeseen outcomes of a new horizon.

The period of the Cold War was a challenging period for political scientists as the emergence of a bipolar world and the public diaspora centered on competing ideologies made it difficult to foresee new roots of social order that could have changed the global discourse. Political events were largely framed within the larger context of the Cold War, and smaller, impactful events were often overshadowed.

However, after the fall of the Soviet Union, political scientists all around the world began to analyze newly established facts and events regarding lessons from two devastating world wars and the period of the Cold wWar. Just before the fall of the Berlin Wall, American political scientist Francis Fukuyama emerged on the global stage with his article “The End Of History,” reflecting on the triumph of liberal democracy as the final form of political organization upon the defeat of fascism and communism.

Contrastingly, in his 2018 book, Identity: the Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment, Fukuyama revises his earlier ideas, recognizing that identity politics poses a significant challenge to liberal democracy and there is more left in it. Fukuyama, in his earlier work, failed to foresee smaller emerging events and trends that were shaping under the bigger picture of the Cold War that went unnoticed.Before Francis Fukuyama’s realization, another prominent political scientist, Samuel P. Huntington,closely analyzed the period of the Cold War and the democratic transitions occurring in newly independent countries after the fall of the Soviet Union. Samuel Huntington identified several key phases in the history of democratization in his renowned work, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, published in 1991.

The first wave began in 1828 with the expansion of democratic suffrage in the United States. This was followed by the first reverse wave, which started with Mussolini’s rise to power in Italy. The second wave of democratization began with the Allied victory in World War II, leading to the independence of many colonized countries and their attempts to establish democratic systems. However, by the early 1960s, the hope for continued democratic progress began to fade as the second reverse wave emerged, characterized by a shift towards one-party rule and military dictatorships in many countries. The third wave of democratization began with the fall of the dictatorship in Portugal but did not follow a linear path and faced several setbacks too.

However, while observing the process of democratization, Huntington noticed that it still had a long way to go as distinct cultural norms, which varied from place to place, made it challenging for many countries to fully adopt democratic practices. For democracy to take root and thrive, there must be strong political, economic, and cultural foundations upon which Western universalism was often imposed on many countries.

In his influential book The Clash of Civilizations, Samuel Huntington predicts that the future world order will be defined by clashes between different civilizations rather than by conflicts over haves and have nots or ideological differences. The primary division will be between the West, which represents universalism, and the rest of the world, which embraces cultural relativism, not only in the east. 

The growing influence of Confucianism in China, India’s revitalization of its cultural regions and cultural affiliation, and the strong political and cultural identity of the Arab world are key elements shaping this clash of civilizations in the emerging global order.While identifying the clash of civilizations as a central issue related to identity, Huntington points out that civil unrest and potential civil wars could be significant challenges for countries, as cultural and social groups seeks to assert their identities, both within and beyond their national boundaries.

While we may never witness a full-scale clash of civilizations as envisioned by Samuel Huntington, it is evident that countries and blocs representing distinct cultural identities and civilization norms are making significant strides in economic progress and posing substantial economic challenges to the West. The lens of economic progress may provide a more effective framework for understanding world affairs in the 21st century with regard to the principle of civilization.

Most theorists and political analysts have traditionally framed global dynamics as a West vs. East dichotomy. However, this view is incomplete. The decline in Western superiority is not solely related to Eastern hegemony; it reflects a broader shift beyond the Cold War’s bipolar world order. In the 21st century, the concept of “West vs. the Rest” has become more relevant, as Western universalism faces significant challenges from diverse global perspectives.

Chinese Civilization

The Western ideas of private property, freedom, individualism, and state power stand in contrast to Chinese perspectives. In China,Confucian philosophy emphasizes a familial approach, adherence to the authority’s superiority, and the central role of the state, which reflects a reliance on collective values, respect for hierarchical structures, and a strong role for the state in guiding and maintaining societal order.

Earlier, China struggled to achieve economic success, but in the 21st century, it has emerged as a flourishing economy, presenting a counter-assertion to the Western bloc. Since 1978, China has averaged a GDP growth rate of 9%  and lifted 800 million people out of poverty, which is attracting many other countries for its development model and fostering its relationship and trade with China. As the rising power of China challenginges and threatens the existing ruling power, the Thucydides trap looks inevitable.

Indian Civilization

After the period of economic liberalization in the early 1990s, India announced its mark on the global stage and started cooperating with many other countries while strictly maintainingstrategic autonomy. The growing influence of India in maintaining regional hegemony has been a serious concerns  for US influence. India strategically partners with the US and other countries to counterbalance China‘s growing influence; however, it doesn’t completely align with the Western bloc. As India marches towards its economic growth and becomes the 5th largest economy in the world, India is likely to assert its own cultural, and philosophical identity to the world rather than comply with Western ideas.Reemergence of cultural relativism all around the world and economic growth of nations above undermines the concept of an upcoming bipolar world. The future of the world order still looks unpredictable, but a multipolar world order is shaping with the growth of countries that represent a different cultural identity other than US universalism.

In the 21st century where nationalism, identity and culture have gained relevance, positing the idea of West versus the East or China versus the US is not complete at all. The US may seek to counterbalance China but US hegemony will face significant challenge all around the world.  

 (Baral is a graduate of Nepal Law Campus with an interest in international law and international relations.)

Through their advocacy, lawyers protect civil liberties and uphold the Constitution, making them pivotal in maintaining the balance of power and the rule of law in society.

In the courtroom, lawyers have the authority to question the actions of the police, present evidence, and argue for or against the legality of their actions. This dynamic ensures that the police operate within the bounds of the law and that their actions are subject to scrutiny. Consequently, the legal profession serves as a critical check on the power of the police, reinforcing

Where the police end their role in a crime by filing a charge sheet, the lawyer steps in. Three lawyers—the defense lawyer, the public prosecutor, and the judge—then see the case and decide the fate of any criminal case. For an ordinary person, a policeman might seem more powerful, but for a lawyer, he is not so formidable. No wonder why so many lawyers are prominent in politics and are involved in running the government and the country.

Police officers should understand that their authority is limited and subject to the rule of law. Advocates, with their comprehensive understanding of legal principles and their critical role in the courtroom, are the true guardians of justice. Lawyers possess the unique ability to scrutinize, challenge, and dismantle any unlawful actions taken by the police.

Their influence extends far beyond the precincts, shaping the legal landscape and ensuring accountability. In the court of law, it is the advocate who wields the power to uphold justice, meticulously examining evidence, questioning police actions, and arguing for the protection of individual rights.

Any misuse of power by the police is subject to rigorous legal scrutiny by lawyers, who act as a vital check on authority.  The courtroom is where the true balance of power is maintained, and it is the advocate’s expertise and dedication that ensure this balance is upheld.

The reach of a lawyer is not confined by geographical boundaries; it extends through legal arguments, precedent, and the pursuit of justice. Never underestimate the power of an advocate, for their role in enforcing the rule of law and safeguarding civil liberties is unmatched.

They stand as the bulwark against abuse of power, ensuring that every action taken by law enforcement is within the bounds of legality and justice. In essence, when advocates in their black coats rise to assert their authority, even the most formidable police officers must reckon with the law.

Recently, a law student experienced a noteworthy incident involving traffic enforcement. After receiving a fine for a traffic violation, the student observed that the police vehicle responsible for issuing the fine was parked on the road—something that is not permitted under traffic regulations.

According to the law, no one is above the law, and while traffic police have the authority to impose fines, they do not have the power to park their vehicles on the road as part of their duties. Such actions are not authorized by the traffic regulations. 

The law student, questioning this inconsistency, visited the Traffic Department and sought clarification through the Right to Information (RTI) Act. To the student’s surprise, the traffic police were unable to provide an answer and fell silent, revealing that there was no legal basis for their actions.

The law student’s efforts to address this issue exemplify the need for adherence to legal principles and the enforcement of the rule of law.  This situation underscores a broader issue: police officers, while tasked with upholding the law, are often not well-versed in legal nuances and are primarily trained for enforcement rather than legal understanding.

Despite regulations that mandate respectful conduct, the practical behavior of some officers can fall short. This incident highlights the critical role of legal professionals and advocates in ensuring that all actions taken by law enforcement are within the bounds of the law and in holding them accountable when they deviate from legal standards.

There has been a saying by the police officers which is ‘kalo kote’ which is against the ethics of them. As the saying goes, “kalo kote” in reference to lawyers, it is essential to remember that such remarks are also contrary to the law. Police officers should be mindful and alert, as defamatory comments against advocates could lead to legal action and defamation cases.

Respect for the legal profession and adherence to legal standards is crucial for maintaining the integrity of both law enforcement and the judicial system. Derogatory remarks or defamatory comments about lawyers by police officers can potentially lead to legal consequences. Such comments undermine the professionalism and respect that should be accorded to all individuals working within the legal system.

In conclusion, the rule of law is fundamental to a just and equitable society, and it is crucial that all individuals, including police officers, are held accountable under this principle. While police officers play a vital role in enforcing laws and maintaining order, their authority must be exercised within the confines of legal standards and scrutiny.

Advocates, with their deep understanding of legal principles and their commitment to justice, serve as the essential guardians of this rule of law. They ensure that the actions of law enforcement are lawful, challenge any deviations, and uphold the rights of individuals.

The recent incident involving the law student and traffic enforcement underscores the importance of rigorous legal oversight and the need for legal professionals to address and correct any misuse of power. Ultimately, the integrity of the rule of law depends on the unwavering commitment of both law enforcement and advocates to uphold justice and ensure that no one is above the law.

The author is pursuing B.A. LL.B at Nepal Law Campus, Kathmandu

In this article, we’ll focus on the rise of motorsports in Nepal and explain why the next decade is set to be dominated by this thrilling activity. Motorsports offer an exciting way to explore Nepal’s natural beauty and are poised to boost tourism and the local economy. Join us as we discuss why motorsports could become the top adventurous sport in Nepal in the coming years.

Stepping Towards Record Keeping: A Recap of March-April 2024 in Nepalese Motorsports

In March-April 2024, Nepal’s motorsports community reached historic heights. The Nepal Automobile’s Association, the leading authority for motorsports in Nepal, witnesses four landmark national events:

1. Kathmandu-Kaski-Mustang-TDS Bike Rally

2. Pokhara-Moto-Enduro Cross Championship

3. Flat Track Bike Race

4. First Nepal Chitwan-Mt. Everest TDS Four-Wheeler Car Rally, featuring an Autocross Competition in Hetauda, held at Nepal’s first Provincial-level motorsports track.

These events stored immense attention, with over 10 million views (estimated) on different social media and more than 10,000 spectators in attendance. This widespread interest reflects the growing fascination with motorsports in Nepal. All together in 2023NASA-Nepal Recorded 10 National-Provinciallevel events and two international participations.

Looking at Sports Through a Philosophical Lens

Why do nations invest in sports? Is there a mandatory rule that compels nations to spend wealth on sports? While there might not be direct financial benefits to the country, sports serve as symbols of unity, fitness, and kindness, among other parameters, which are beneficial in various ways:

National Pride: Success in sports can ignite pride and patriotism among citizens. Major victories in international competitions symbolize a nation’s strength, resilience, and global capability.

Cultural Identity: Sports reflect a nation’s culture and history, serving as symbols of cultural identity and heritage.

International Relations: Sports events foster diplomatic relations and goodwill between countries, enhancing a nation’s image on the world stage.

Community Unity: Sports promote community unity and inclusion, providing a platform for people to come together based on shared interests and goals.

Economic Development: Investment in sports infrastructure generates revenue, creates jobs, and stimulates tourism. Hosting major sporting events showcases a nation’s capabilities and attracts investment.

Health and Well-being: Participation in sports promotes physical fitness and well-being, contributing to a healthier population and reducing healthcare costs.

The three paths in sports

In the realm of sports, there exist three distinct paths: 1. Basic sports, 2. competitive sports, and 3. sustainable sports.

Basic sports encompass foundational activities typically introduced at the primary or school level, aimed at educating pupils about various sports and promoting physical activity. These activities often serve as the building blocks for further involvement in sports.

Competitivesports, on the other hand, revolve around organized competitions where athletes engage in rigorous training and competition with the aim of achieving rewards, such as medals and recognition. These competitions range from local and national events to international tournaments, showcasing athletes’ skills and abilities on a competitive stage.

Sustainable Sports:

Sustainable sports can sustain themselves financially, with gate money indicating a large fan base. They should be suitable for the nation and engage viewers for at least 1 to 2 hours. Additionally, if sports activities can sustain promoters, clubs, and players, they qualify as sustainable sports. It does not mean that Sustainable sports are not acompetitive, it also plays for the medal and cups.

However, it’s the concept of sustainable sports, also known as income-generating sports, that warrants closer examination. Sustainable sports differ from basic and competitive sports in that they are specifically structured to generate income and support themselves financially. These sports cater to a broader spectrum of interests and have the potential to contribute significantly to the economy.

The viability and nature of sustainable sports vary from one country to another, influenced by factors such as national interests, geographical landscape, cultural preferences, and economic conditions. For instance, a country blessed with natural resources suitable for certain sports, such as skiing or surfing, may prioritize the development of these activities as sustainable sports.

In this article, the focus is on advocating for the importance of sustainable sports and justifying their current need within the context of Nepal. By investing in sustainable sports, Nepal can harness its unique geographical features and cultural heritage to create income-generating opportunities within the sports industry. This strategic approach not only promotes economic growth but also fosters national pride, community unity, and individual well-being through active participation in sports.

From the Player’s Perspective:

Players contribute medals and pride to the nation. The question arises: who is responsible for their secure future? Sports should be sustainable, and involvement from the primary stage should be academically and career-focused. Professionalizm in sports entails increasing values, demands, and requirements as players progress.

Motorsports: A Sustainable Sport in Nepal

Many people wonder if Nepal has motorsports players or if Nepalese can afford to engage in this activity. The reality is quite different. Nepal does have motorsports players who have participated in global competitions. Nepal boasts a well-organized federation with trained marshals, motorcycle racers, licensed holders, and active sports clubs.

When people think of motorsports, they usually imagine MotoGP for two-wheelers or Formula One for four-wheelers. However, it’s time to educate the public and sports authorities in Nepal about the various races and activities in motorsports. From high-speed to cruising, adventurous to thrilling, and slow driving to city touring, there’s a wide range of activities to explore, catering to different interests.

Affordability is a concern, and this article emphasizes the need for consideration by government bodies. Motorsports isn’t just about adventure; it has the potential to become a prime tourism product for Nepal if managed wisely.

The country’s diverse geography offers scenic environments, from plains to hills to mountains, attracting tourists worldwide. From dry to moist, from rain to dust, and from cold to warm climates, Nepal’s varied weather conditions add to the allure of its landscapes.

Race on the Road: The Infrastructure Concern

Nepal is not lacking in wealth or Nepal isn’t short of riches; some smart folks compare it to having a golden bowl but still wanting more. What we really need to work on is our thinking, learning, and how we use what we have. its the mentality, education, and utilization that need improvement. When discussing sports, the focus is often on covered halls, stadiums, and tracks. While motorsports also require such infrastructure, it’s essential to utilize existing resources effectively.

Public roads, parking lots of airports and malls, unused runways, bus parks, and streets are available resources in Nepal.

Many countries host motor racing events on public roads or street circuits, including Monaco, Singapore, Australia, Azerbaijan, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

These street circuit races offer a unique and challenging environment for drivers, attracting large crowds and contributing to the local economy through tourism. Countries like Monaco, Singapore, and Azerbaijan are known for hosting prestigious street circuit races, showcasing the fusion of high-speed racing with iconic cityscapes.

In Nepal, utilizing existing infrastructure for motorsports can help promote tourism and economic growth. It’s time to tap into this potential and realize the benefits of motorsports as a sustainable sport in Nepal.

The Next Decade: Nepal’s Era of Motorsports

As we think about the big achievements in motorsports, the huge excitement from everyone involved, and the buzz it got on social media, it’s clear that Nepal is on the edge of big changes in sports. The massive success of various events in past numbers of years is just the beginning of what’s to come in the next ten years. The Nepal Automobile’s Association, affiliated with the National Sports Council, has seven active provincial units, each working hard to promote motor sporting activities in their areas.

In the very near future, Nepal will have three historic race tracks. While the existing track in Dhulikhel has served the nation for a decade, the upcoming tracks in Hetauda and Surkhet, currently being built by the respective provincial governments and Provincial Sports Development Councils, mark a new chapter for motorsports enthusiasts. With the collective support of the Tourism Board, all three tiers of government, the Sports Council, and the Federation, recognizing the importance of sustainable sports, Nepal is set to move forward.

The rising importance of motorsports depends on one key factor: discipline. With everyone involved, like players, organizers, and officials, working together to be more professional, motorsports in Nepal is set to grow a lot. If sports clubs focus on being really good and coming up with new ideas, they can make sure competitions are top-notch and really exciting for fans and future athletes.

This increase in interest in motorsports not only helps talented individuals grow but also lays the groundwork for big economic gains. As players secure their careers and investors make money, Nepal’s motorsports sector will become a strong and sustainable industry, capturing attention among all sporting events and players. With exciting opportunities waiting for motorsports players, the next decade is set to be a great time for motorsports in Nepal.

Ten reasons why the next 10 years in Nepal will be the years of motorsports

1. Sustainable Sports: Motorsports offer a sustainable model for athletic engagement, as they can generate revenue through ticket sales, sponsorships, and merchandise, ensuring long-term viability and growth.
2. Geographical Advantages: Nepal’s diverse terrain, ranging from plains to hills to mountains, provides the perfect backdrop for a variety of motorsports activities, attracting enthusiasts and athletes from around the world.
3. Wide Range of Products:One sports with variety: Motorsports encompass a wide range of disciplines, including rallying, circuit racing, off-roading, and motocross, catering to diverse interests and skill levels within the Nepalese population.
4. Enthusiastic Community: Nepal boasts a passionate and dedicated community of motorsports enthusiasts, comprising players, fans, organizers, and volunteers, who actively contribute to the development and promotion of the sport.
5. Federation’s Infrastructure: The Nepal Automobile’s Association, supported by its provincial units, has developed robust infrastructure, including tracks, facilities, and regulatory frameworks, laying the groundwork for the expansion of motorsports activities nationwide.
6. Experienced Professionals: The motorsports industry in Nepal is strengthened by a team of experienced professionals, including drivers, mechanics, event organizers, and safety personnel, who bring a wealth of expertise and knowledge to the table.
7. Existing Infrastructure Utilization Policy: By leveraging existing infrastructure such as public roads, parking lots, and unused spaces, Nepal can optimize resources and minimize the costs associated with establishing dedicated motorsports facilities.
8. Government Acceptance:Theacceptance of motorsports as a genuine sport signifies official recognition and support from the concern department , indicating a positive shift towards its development and growth .All the Members and Officials of the sports council are increasingly supportive, demonstrating a willingness to invest resources and create a conducive environment for motorsports development.
9. International Collaboration: Collaborating with international motorsports organizations, events, and professionals provides Nepalese athletes and organizers with opportunities for skill development, exposure to global standards, and participation in prestigious competitions.
10. Economic Opportunities: Motorsports offer significant economic opportunities, including job creation, tourism revenue, and brand promotion, contributing to overall economic growth and development in Nepal.

These factors collectively position Nepal as a promising hub for motorsports in the coming decade, fostering a vibrant ecosystem that nurtures talent, promotes inclusivity, and drives socio-economic progress.

Conclusion

To sum up, the future is bright for motorsports in Nepal. With hard work, teamwork, and a commitment to being the best, we’re well on our way to making motorsports a big part of Nepali sports culture.

Author: Mr. Anil Kumar Baral, a PhD scholar, holds the distinction of being Nepal’s first international player in the highest level of motorsports. Serving as the National captain, he showcased his talents on the global stage by participating in the Auto-slalom Race in Europe back in 2022. With a remarkable career spanning various countries including India, Thailand, Indonesia, Taiwan, and more, Mr. Baral has been a dedicated representative of Nepal in motorsports.

Beyond his achievements on the track, Mr. Baral actively contributes to the development and training of players through his participation in national events. His role as the Central Vice President and Head of Two-wheel commission of the Nepal Automobiles Association, an affiliated governing body of Nepal for motorsports recognized by FIA and FIM, underscores his commitment to advancing the sport at home and abroad.

In light of these pressing concerns, the need for a comprehensive climate change law in Nepal has become increasingly urgent. This article critically evaluates Nepal’s current initiatives in addressing climate change while highlighting the imperative for the enactment of dedicated climate change legislation.

Constitutional Recognition and Environmental Protection

While Nepal’s Constitution doesn’t explicitly address climate change, it lays the groundwork for environmental protection and acknowledges the right to a clean environment as a fundamental right of citizens. The Constitution recognizes the importance of balancing environmental preservation with development and empowers the government to enact laws and policies to address environmental challenges, including climate change. As per 51(g) of the Constitution, the state pursues environmentally sustainable development such as the polluter’s pay, precautions in environmental protection, and prior informed consent.

Environment Protection Act and Forest Act

On July 19, 2019, the Environment Protection Act of 2076 was passed by the parliament, granting the Nepalese government the power to regulate and reduce emissions, hazardous waste, and pollution. Chapter 4 was devoted entirely to climate change. It speaks about informing the general public.

Making adaptation plans to avoid the adverse impacts and risks of climate change. Power to carry out an act of mitigation. The government of Nepal has the power to execute sectoral policies, strategies, and action plans. The government of Nepal has the power to determine and enforce technical standards for the setting of priorities for matters to be implemented in urban and rural areas as to the mitigation of adverse impacts and risks of climate change. The government of Nepal also has the right to participate in carbon trade under the mechanisms established by the international treaty.

The Forest Act addresses climate change by recognizing the role of forests in carbon sequestration and mitigation, even though the main focus might be on managing the economic benefits of the service.

Government Initiatives

The NAP aims to strengthen institutional capacity and promote multisectoral, medium-, and long-term adaptation planning. The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Project, “Building Capacity to Advance the NAP Process in Nepal,” was introduced on September 23, 2018, by the Government of Nepal and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) to strengthen institutional capacity to address the negative effects of climate change. The National Adaptation Plan seeks to guide the development, execution, and coordination of adaptation measures required across society, ecosystems, and all governmental levels. Advise on how to include adaptation factors in programs, policies, and initiatives.

Similarly, Nepal’s Climate Change Policy aims to build a climate-resilient society and address emerging challenges. It outlines 12 sectoral policies, strategies, and working policies. The policy emphasizes the establishment of institutional mechanisms for its strong implementation, including the creation of a council, an inter-ministerial coordination committee, and a climate change research center. It also calls for the provision of a climate change section, unit, or focal point at the local level and in relevant thematic ministries of the federation and provinces.

A landmark court case

In the landmark case, Shrestha vs. Office of the Prime Minister, it was all brought by Padam Bahadur Shrestha, who challenged the government’s inaction on climate change, citing violations of fundamental rights and international commitments. The Supreme Court recognized the urgency of climate change and ordered the government to enact the new climate change law addressing mitigation, adaptation, and compensation for impacted communities. The court recognized the inadequacy of existing environmental law in dealing with climate change. The Nepali government enacted the Forest Act, 2076, and the Environmental Act, 2076, in response to the ruling of the Supreme Court. Sadly, after the government was reluctant to abide by the court decision, the petitioner again filed a contempt of court case in the Supreme Court, asserting that the government failed to comply with the Supreme Court mandamus on December 25, 2018.

Why the Climate Law?

Despite the effort mentioned above, many initiatives lack the legal backing of a dedicated law. They are more like policy guidelines, making enforcement challenging. Our current plans often lack SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound) targets, hindering accountability. Fragmentation across different agencies could hamper effective implementation, while limited public participation in decision-making processes reduces a sense of ownership.

Nepal needs a dedicated climate change law to combat climate change effectively. The law should provide a clear legal framework with enforceable provisions and binding targets while defining smart goals for reducing emissions and implementing adaptation measures. It should ensure public access and participation in decision-making processes, attract green investments, and encourage innovation in climate solutions. A draft bill has been prepared by the law commission, proposing the creation of a National Climate Council and a National Climate Authority to manage and regulate climate change-related activities. This proposed law is praiseworthy and will undoubtedly help Nepal tackle climate change effectively.

Successful climate change laws like the EU Climate Change Law and the UK Climate Change Act offer valuable lessons. These laws set binding targets, ensuring clear accountability. It mentions robust frameworks that track progress and hold relevant actors accountable. It provides avenues for public participation in decision-making.

The National Green Tribunal Act of India, established in 2010, created a special body to handle environmental issues. This tribunal can address environmental protection, conservation of forests and natural resources, and enforcement of environmental rights. It aims to provide fast and effective solutions to these issues.

The Indian Supreme Court acknowledged the right against the negative effects of climate change on April 5, 2024, stating that it is linked to the rights to equality and life ingrained in the Indian constitution.^[6] The European Court of Human Rights recently ruled that Switzerland violated the European Convention on Human Rights by not doing enough to lessen the effect of climate change, potentially affecting 46 EU countries.

Conclusion

Nepal is actively participating in CoP and various other platforms to raise concerns about the country’s situation and how it is impacted, but the government seems hesitant to make the law even after many years of court decisions that are worrisome, so it seems Nepal is not so serious. Nepal’s existing initiatives are a positive step, but a strong climate change law is a missing piece. By learning from global examples and addressing the limitations of current approaches, Nepal can craft a law that empowers its people to confront the challenges of climate change head-on. Also, Nepal should include climate change in the constitution. The provision relating to the right to live in a clean environment, the right to equality, and the right to live with dignity alone cannot adequately address climate change in the future.

( Author is currently studying at the National Law College )

The disparity between health requirements and spending is anticipated to grow as nations struggle with high levels of debt and inflation. Health spending in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where health needs are greatest, is expected to decline or remain stagnant. This puts in jeopardy attempts to control continuing hazards, recover from disruptions brought on by COVID-19, and accomplish universal health coverage.

The global economic downturn is also shrinking aid budgets, hindering support for LMICs. Cuts in aid budgets by major donors like the UK and Sweden further strain resources. Worsening macroeconomic conditions may affect countries’ abilities to meet co-financing requirements for vital health programs.

Top of Form

Ensuring access to quality healthcare services without imposing financial burdens on citizens is a cornerstone of any effective healthcare system. In Nepal, this endeavor is particularly crucial as high out-of-pocket (OOP) spending continues to be a dominant component of healthcare financing, leading to concerns about impoverishment due to healthcare costs. The National Health Sector Strategy (NHSS) has been instrumental in addressing these challenges by focusing on increasing investments in the health sector, improving resource mobilization, and enhancing risk pooling.

Despite these efforts, there are significant challenges that need to be addressed. One such challenge is the marginal increase in government spending on health as a share of GDP, with a concerning decline observed in the year 2022/23. While per capita government spending has shown an increase in real terms, it remains far below the recommended level to achieve universal access to primary care services. Additionally, OOP expenditure continues to constitute a significant portion of healthcare financing, demanding further strengthening of social health protection mechanisms.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of robust healthcare financing strategies. While it led to a temporary increase in the share of the health sector budget in response to the crisis, sustaining adequate funding for healthcare beyond the pandemic remains a challenge. Furthermore, the fluctuating contributions from health development partners (HDPs) highlight the need for a more stable and sustainable financing model.

Sustainable Healthcare Financing

In light of these challenges, a multi-faceted approach is necessary to ensure sustainable healthcare financing in Nepal. Firstly, there is a need to prioritize increased government spending on health, both in absolute terms and as a share of GDP. This can be achieved through effective allocation of resources and improved fiscal management. Additionally, efforts should be made to enhance the efficiency of healthcare spending to maximize the impact of available resources.

Furthermore, strengthening social health protection mechanisms, such as health insurance schemes, is essential to reduce reliance on OOP spending and mitigate financial risks for individuals. The increase in enrollment in health insurance schemes is a positive development, but efforts should be made to improve renewal rates and utilization, ensuring that more people can benefit from these schemes. The OOP expenditure remains to be a dominant component in healthcare financing in the latest years despite the implementation of various programmes aiming to reduce it. It demands further strengthening of the social health protection mechanisms in the country to accelerate the pace towards SDG.

Over recent years, there has been a noticeable rise in the portion of provincial government health budgets sourced internally, climbing from 34% in FY 2018/19 to 65% in FY 2022/23. Similarly, at the local level, the share of internal sources in health budget allocation has surged from 5% in FY 2018/19 to 22% in FY 2022/23. This trend reflects a growing capability among both provincial and local governments to finance health issues specific to their contexts using their own resources.

Moreover, fostering partnerships with development partners while maintaining a balance of contributions is crucial. While HDP support is valuable, efforts should be made to reduce dependency and gradually increase domestic financing for healthcare. As this will also be a learning for Nepal in its post Least Developed Country graduation journey.

In conclusion, achieving sustainable healthcare financing in Nepal requires a concerted effort from multiple stakeholders. By prioritizing increased government spending, strengthening social health protection mechanisms, and fostering partnerships, Nepal can move closer to ensuring universal access to quality healthcare services while safeguarding against financial hardships for its citizens. It’s imperative that the National Health Financing Strategy remains agile and responsive to evolving needs, ensuring that progress towards healthcare access and financial protection remains on track for the benefit of all Nepalese citizens.

(The writers are development practitioners associated with HERD International. The views expressed in this article do not represent the organisation they are associated with. They can be reached at Saugat.kc@herdint.com  Ghanshyam.gautam@herdint.com).

Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA)

The theme- My Health, my right—is in line with HRBA, one among the six guiding principles of the United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework . The HBRA fundamentally focuses on making duty holders or office bearers accountable and empowering underserved, marginalized, and poorest sections of the demography to become advocates for their own rights. For instance, in context of service delivery, affordability, acceptability and accessibility to quality health services is a fundamental requirement that should be afforded by the state. Hence, in this context, the underserved and marginalized should be empowered to hold officials and elected representatives to account. However, the right to clean air, good nutrition and decent environmental conditions and right to freedom from discrimination is not something that can be guaranteed by the state through the prism of right but attained righteously through a sense of collective civic responsibility.

Clean air

I ride a fossil fuel driven bike which helps me travel to work and fulfill my personal responsibilities. I acknowledge that I probably own a bike because of the lack of an accessible public transport infrastructure. However, that complaint cannot be the reason to not service my bikes at regular interval which helps minimize pollutants emitted from it. I can also think about walking to the office occasionally or periodically and sometimes use the public transport.

The status of air quality in Nepal annual report, 2021 suggests that vehicular emissions are one of the major cause of air pollution. Moreover, vehicle registration rate in Kathmandu Valley has been found to increase by 15 per cent per annum resulting in an estimated 4.5 million tons of CO2 emission per year in the valley for 2025, which is close to double the CO2 emissions with respect to 2020 figures.

Hence, as a resident of Kathmandu valley to ensure my right to clean air we will all have to start taking the responsibility of minimizing sources of air pollution at an individual level.  

Good nutrition

Recent findings of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2022 states that 69 per cent of children age 6–23 months consumed unhealthy foods a day prior to the survey. Likewise, research work suggests that, between 1970 and 2010, per-capita energy consumption of fat has doubled and sugar and sweeteners consumption has witnessed a nine-fold increase per-capita. Ievitably, Nepal is in a state of nutrition transition. In a globalized world, governments have no business of micromanaging what I can or cannot eat. Hence, in this instance too my right to good nutrition depends on my individual decisions around food consumption.

Clean city

School children gathering at a shop post school to get ice cream, chocolates and other junk items is usual scene around the place I live. However, what is more painful is seeing them throw away the wrappers right outside the shop. I have also witnessed these wrappers flying out of school buses. Well! It is a sad sight. However, what is equally painful is our inability to convince the school children about a basic civic responsibility which is to throw the waste into the bins or put it inside their pockets until they find a waste bin. Undeniably, I have a right to clean environment but for that I need to take the responsibly of disposing the waste into bins and where applicable convince others to follow suit.  

My right my responsibility

Nepal currently enjoys a demographic divided, a “demographic window of opportunity”, a status marked by prominence of working age population. Estimates suggests that Nepal will become an aged society by 2054 i.e.14% of its population will be 65 years and above. For Nepal to leverage this opportunity and become an economically prosperous nation we will have to live healthy and productive lives. However, the protagonist of Nepal’s growth story will not be the rights enshrined in the constitution on health and wellbeing, but it will have to be the unwritten social contract between the state and its citizens about fundamental civic responsibilities. Hence, idea of health as a right is misconstrued.